The lack of differences ruled out arousal as a confounding variable in the study. An effort was made to control the effect of arousal by monitoring pulse rates taken before and after the exposures. For instance, the relationship between the music and the influence on spatial ability contains the confounding variable of arousal and an increase in mood. A researcher also has to consider variables that are present that may influence the result of the study and attempt to control them. The dependent variable is the studied effect the dependent variable for the experiment discussed was the test scores for spatial reasoning which was measured from one of three evaluation tasks. Independent variables are manipulated by the researcher and offer different conditions for the experimental group and the control group in the case of the Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky study (1993), they are listening to silence, a relaxation tape, or Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D major (K. ![]() The hypothesis of the researchers was that listening to the composition for ten minutes would significantly improve spatial reasoning skills as compared to ten minutes of instructions on relaxation techniques. The initial study investigating the influence on spatial task performance of listening to music, specifically Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D major, K. This paper is an analysis of the research by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993) and a discussion of the article by Jenkins (2001) while incorporating results from other research. While some studies support the proposed impact (Ivanov & Geake, 2003 Rauscher, Robinson, and Jens, 1998 Rideout & Laubach, 1996), others do not (Chabris, 1999 Mehr, Schachner, Katz, & Spelke, 2013 Steele, Bass, & Crook, 1999). Alfred Tomatis, subsequent experiments differed on whether the influence is significant. ![]() The researchers hypothesized that higher brain functions correlate with music cognition. ![]() In research conducted by Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993), the result of listening to music composed by the musician Mozart was an short-term improvement in tasks associated with spatial-temporal reasoning.
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